a comparative study of biodiesel production from beef bone marrow

this study is concerned with the viability of producing biodiesel from waste beef bone fat and evaluate this product according to the quality requirements defined by astm d- 6751. accordingly, beef bone fat was heated to remove the moisture under vacuum at 60 . alkaline catalysed transesterfication was carried out by  using 6:1 molar ratio of ethanol to fat in the presence of 1% w/w sodium hydroxide, at 78 for 2h. acid-catalysed transesterfication reaction of beef bone fat was carried out using 30:1 molar of ethanol to fat  in the presence of 1% sulfuric acid at 78, for 69h. two- stage acid base transesterification is also carried out for biodiesel production. the resulted biodiesel from alkaline reaction meet the quality requirement better than the acid reaction but both biodiesel did not comply with the european standard parameters namely kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, density, and cloud point